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Figure 9 | Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling

Figure 9

From: Rate-dependent Ca2+ signalling underlying the force-frequency response in rat ventricular myocytes: a coupled electromechanical modeling study

Figure 9

Effect of maximal β -adrenergic stimulation on force response. A comparison between cAMP-mediated maximal β-adrenergic stimulation and basal condition. Voltage clamp protocol used is a 50 ms step pulse to 10 mV from a holding potential of -40 mV. (A) Traces for normalized isometric force developed for increasing stimulation frequencies from 4.0 Hz to 8.0 Hz. The inset shows a plot of the maximum rate of relaxation (R relax ) versus maximum rate of contraction (R act ) for increasing stimulation frequency. (B) The frequency dependence of the maximum and minimum myoplasmic C a2+ concentration. (C) Rate dependence of the maximum and minimum normalized force generated. (D) Frequency dependence of minimum sarcomere length achieved at peak contraction.

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