Table 1 Surgical inflammation could be viewed as a high-degree stress response of the patient composed of three overlapping successive phenotypes
From: Surgical inflammatory stress: the embryo takes hold of the reins again
INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPES IN SURGICAL INFLAMMATION | ||
|---|---|---|
NEUROGENIC | IMMUNE | ENDOCRINE |
- Stress sensation | - Bone marrow-related response | - Epiblast-derived pluripotent stem cells |
- Inflammatory pain | - Hematopoietic stem cell activation | - Mesenchymal stem cell activation |
- Fight-to-flight effect | - Signaling molecules: | - Fibrocytes |
- Analgesia |  * Chemokines | -Endothelial progenitor cells |
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical activation |  * Toll-like receptors | - Signaling molecules: |
|  |  * Cytokines |  * Chemokines and their receptors |
- Sympatico-adrenal medullary activation | - Leukocyte activation | - Anabolic hormones |
- Tachycardia | - Bacterial translocation |  * Insulin |
- Shock | - Enzymatic stress |  * GH |
- Ischemia-reperfusion | - Acute phase response |  * IGF1 |
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis activation | - Coagulaton/Complement system activation | - CARS |
| Â | Â | - Resolution |
- Hydroelectrolytic alterations | - Coagulopathy |  * Lipoxin |
- Interstitial edema | - Dyslipidemia |  * Resolvins |
- Increased lymph flow | - SIRS/MODS |  * Protectins |
- Hypoxia | - Lymph node activation | - Angiogenesis/vasculogenesis |
- Anaerobic acidosis | - Local stress response by leukocytes | - Blood capillaries |
- Hypothermia | - Local cholesterol-derived hormones | - Specialezed epithelium |
| Â | - Hypercatabolism | - Energetic stress |
| Â | - Hypermetabolism | - Oxidative phosphorylation |
| Â | Â | - Centralization of neuroendocrine functions |
| Â | Â | - PTSD |