Figure 4

Graphical representations for changes of DNA sequences. Suppose next sequences; ‘D₁ = [A₁C₂C₃( )G₄T₅E ₆ E ₇ E ₈ …]’, ‘D₂ = [A₁C₂C₃(E ₄ E ₅ )G₆T₇E ₈ E ₉ E ₁₀ …]’ and ‘D₃ = [A₁C₂C₃(A ₄ T ₅ )G₆T₇E ₈ E ₉ E ₁₀ …]’, a series of changes, ‘D₁ → D₂ → D₃’ are drawn as three polygonal lines where each bases are linked also in the definition of group Z₅. There, we recognize not the locations of ‘D’s but mere alphabets, indexed number and shapes.