Figure 2

Model simulation. Thick gray line: pre-surgery case; solid line: lower-intestinal hypothesis (LIH); dash-dot line: anti-incretin hypothesis (AIH); dashed line: ghrelin hypothesis (GH). 2.1 Stomach glucose content is unchanged in all the hypotheses. 2.2 Glucose content in the duodenum is zero in the LIH, while is unchanged in the other scenarios. 2.3 Ileum glucose content is higher and the peak is earlier, compared to the pre-surgery scenario, for the LIH. In the other hypotheses the dynamics is the same. 2.4 Plasma glucose concentration is lower in the AIH and the LIH (more markedly in the latter). The curve in the GH is unchanged compared to the pre-surgery case. 2.5 Plasma insulin concentration is higher in the AIH and the LIH (more markedly in the latter). GH is unchanged compared to the pre-surgery case. 2.6 GLP-1 concentration is markedly higher in the LIH, while is slightly higher in the AIH and unchanged in the GH. 2.7 GIP concentration increases in the AIH, decreases in the LIH, is unchanged in the GH. 2.8 Anti-incretin concentration is constant at the basal value in the LIH, zero in the AIH, unchanged in the GH 2.9 Ghrelin concentration dynamics is slightly lower in the LIH and the AIH, while for the GH ghrelin concentration is zero.