1. | As predictive models for human disease |
2. | As predictive models to evaluate human exposure safety in the context of pharmacology and toxicology (e.g., in drug testing) |
3. | As sources of ‘spare parts’ (e.g., aortic valve replacements for humans) |
4. | As bioreactors (e.g., as factories for the production of insulin, or monoclonal antibodies, or the fruits of genetic engineering) |
5. | As sources of tissue in order to study basic physiological principles |
6. | For dissection and study in education and medical training |
7. | As heuristic devices to prompt new biological/biomedical hypotheses |
8. | For the benefit of other nonhuman animals |
9. | For the pursuit of scientific knowledge in and of itself |