Table 1 Parameter values

Λ

Recruitment rate

1.6×10⁷personyear⁻¹

[26, 27]

d

Natural death rate

first stage

0.0143 year⁻¹

[26]

second stage

0.0139 year⁻¹

[27]

G(β)

Transmission rate

of infected population

first stage (β)

2.5338×10⁻¹⁰person⁻¹year⁻¹

LS

second stage (ωβ)

5.0554×10⁻¹⁰person⁻¹year⁻¹

LS

σ

Disease-induced death rate

0.06 year⁻¹

[12, 28]

ε

Rate of progression to infec-

6 year⁻¹

[29]

tious stage from the exposed

k

Rate of waning immunity

0.25 year⁻¹

[29–31]

γ₁

Recovery rate of the exposed

0.6683 year⁻¹

[29]

γ₂

Recovery rate of the infectious

first stage

0.0634 year⁻¹

LS

second stage

0.3972 year⁻¹

LS

p

The fraction of BCG

0.6

[29–31]

vaccinated successfully