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Table 1 Default rewards for performing nine logic operations in Avida

From: The effects of low-impact mutations in digital organisms

Logic operation

Computation

Number of NAND operations needed (n)

Default multiplicative bonus (2n)

Default fitness effect (w- 1)

NOT

~A; ~B

1

2

1.0

NAND

~(A and B)

1

2

1.0

AND

A and B

2

4

3.0

ORNOT

(A or ~B); (~A or B)

2

4

3.0

OR

A or B

3

8

7.0

ANDNOT

(A and ~B); (~A and B)

3

8

7.0

NOR

~A and ~B

4

16

15.0

XOR

(A and ~B) or (~A and B)

4

16

15.0

EQU (XNOR)

(A and B) or (~A and ~B)

5

32

31.0

  1. Default rewards for performing nine logic operations in Avida, adapted from Lenski et al. [13]. Complexity (n) is measured arbitrarily as the number of NAND operations necessary for performing the logic operation. Combinations of NOT and NAND can be used to construct all other logic operations. Beneficial fitness effects are calculated as w - 1, where w is the relative fitness of an organism that incurs the mutation of interest.