Fig. 3
From: Cell cycle progression is regulated by intertwined redox oscillators
Intertwined relationship between ATP/ADP ratio, the intracellular (pHi) and the transmembrane potential (Vm). Sodium-proton exchanger (NHE-1) which extrudes a proton (H+) against a sodium (Na+) is known to fight further cytosolic acidification. The sodium-potassium electrogenic exchanger (NaK-ATPase), one of the main consumer of ATP in eukaryotic cells, extrudes 3 sodium (Na+) from the cytosol against 2 inward potassium (K+) flux and creates an hyperpolyrisation of the cell membrane. Finally, Increased ΔpHi from mitochondria matrix and intermembrane space is reported to increase ATP synthesis