Fig. 7

Sketch of the algorithm. A nonlinear optimization routine adjusts the parameters of the rate modulation, r(t), in such a way that, as to the magnitude of the Fourier transform, the predicted VEMP, \(\hat {V}\), and the measured VEMP, \(\bar {V}\), optimally match. The prediction is based on the idea that the VEMP can be calculated by convolving rate modulation and MUAP and that the magnitude of the Fourier transform of the latter basically corresponds to the square root of the EMG power spectrum (estimate denoted as \(|\bar {H}(f)|\))