Fig. 4

Predicted supply and demand of the labor force by industrial sector in Japan. The predicted supply and demand were computed by classification according to industrial sector using the average standard level for 2002–06. a Expected demand for industry-specific labor force to maintain the standard level. b Predicted supply of industry-specific labor force based on predicted worker size. Distribution of the industry-specific expert size was assumed to be maintained from that in 2015. c Predicted lack of experts, i.e., demand minus supply, and d relative proportion of redundant experts compared with the average for 2002–06